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As the name suggests, avian influenza refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses. These viruses are commonly found in intestines of wild birds and these birds can carry the viruses without getting sick. However the viruses can be pathogenic to domesticated birds like chickens, ducks and turkeys. Domesticated birds become infected through exposure to other birds or through surfaces contaminated by secretions and faeces of the infected birds.

These viruses are classified as Low Pathogenicity and High Pathogenicity. Most strains of Avian Influenza come under Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) Group and produce mild symptoms in the infected birds. Common symptoms are ruffled feathers, decreased food appetite, decreased egg production, sneezing and coughing. Many times LPAI may go undetected.

High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) has more severe symptoms which include sudden death, loss of energy and appetite, decreased egg production, respiratory problems, facial oedema (swelling), poorly formed eggs and diarrhoea. HPAI can reach a mortality rate of nearly 100%.

What Is H5N1 strain of Bird Flu?

All flu viruses are classified as type A, B or C depending on their structural arrangement. Type A is responsible for lethal pandemics and is found in both animals and humans. Type B causes local outbreaks of flu. Type C is the most stable of the three and infected people show only mild symptoms of flu. Type B and C are usually found only in humans. Type B and C are more stable than type A and are not classified according to their subtypes.

Influenza viruses of type A are divided into subtypes and the naming is done on the basis of two proteins (antigens) found on their surface – Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Sixteen types of HA and nine types of NA exist. Thus a total 144 combinations are possible.

Thus H5N1 is a type A virus and gets its name from HA 5 protein and NA 1 protein present on its surface.

How Do Type A Viruses Cause A Pandemic?

Type A viruses are further classified into strains. These strains can continuously evolve into different strains. Their ability to exchange genetic material with other viruses and create new influenza viruses makes them unpredictable and difficult to fight with. Humans have to develop new immunity (antibodies) every time new strains are created.

Viruses cannot repair genetic damage, small changes known as “Antigen Drift”, are continuously creating new strains of viruses. However when genetic material from Type A viruses from different species – say a bird and a human, comes together and merges, an entirely new strain is created. This is known as “Antigen Shift” Humans have no immunity to such a strain and the strain can spread rapidly causing a Pandemic.

How Is The Virus Transmitted To Humans From Birds?

Usually Avian Influenza viruses do not infect humans. Migratory birds act as carriers of these viruses and do not get affected by them. These birds then come in contact with domesticated birds such as chickens and turkeys and spread the infection to them. Domesticated birds may get the virus from contact with contaminated surfaces too. Once a virus infects domesticated birds, it can cause severe epidemic among the birds. Humans come in contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces and pick up the virus.

In the human body, this avian flu virus then undergoes an antigenic shift, combines with genetic material of a human strain of influenza virus and creates an entirely new strain of virus against which humans have little or no immunity. These genetic reassortments may also take place is the body of a third species (susceptible to both avian and human viruses) like the pig, where an avian influenza A virus and human influenza virus mix their genetic information and produce a new virus which might be able to infect humans.

Why is H5N1 dangerous?

The first reported cases of H5N1 infections were detected in geese in 1997 in Southern China. A total of 18 human infections were reported and six of them succumbed to it. The infection spread quickly to poultry in Hong Kong. At that time a million and half chickens were culled in Hong Kong to keep the virus under control. The virus disappeared for a few years, but resurfaced in 2002 in Hong Kong again. Since then it has killed millions of birds in Asia and many cases of human infections have been reported.

The persistence of this H5N1 strain of virus is a great concern for humans. Although the virus does not spread from birds to humans easily, the severity of the infection of H5N1 in humans is frightening. The virus has killed every second person infected by it. These cases were reported in perfectly healthy individuals who had no past history of infections. However the greater concern for the world is the POSSIBILITY THAT THE VIRUS MAY MUTATE (UNDERGO ANTIGENIC SHIFT) AND CREATE A FORM THAT MAY SPREAD FROM HUMAN TO HUMAN. Such a strain of virus may result in a pandemic, killing millions of people worldwide.

Is Consumption Of Poultry Birds Safe?

Yes, it is safe to consume THOROUGHLY COOKED poultry products. The H5N1 virus is sensitive to heat and gets destroyed by normal cooking temperatures of 70- 100 degree Celsius. If meat from poultry birds and eggs are cooked properly, the virus will be destroyed. Just make sure that no part of the meat remains raw or uncooked.

How Big Is The Risk Of A Pandemic Breaking Out?

The world had to face a Bird Flu Pandemic, thrice in the twentieth century. In 1918-1919, “Spanish Flu” killed anywhere between 20 million to 50 million people (exact figures not known), including half a million in the United States alone. The “Asian flu” in 1957-58 killed 70,000 in the United States and in 1968-1969, the “Hong Kong flu” killed 34,000 in the USA.

Currently the risk of H5N1 strain leading to a Pandemic is high. The virus is spreading fast to new areas and the efforts made to curtail it have proved inadequate.

Domestic ducks have now become a “reservoir” for the virus. They are acting like a carrier for the virus – their bodies carry the virus without showing signs of any infection. Infected ducks then release large quantities of the virus in pathogenic form in their excretions spreading the virus to other birds or humans. This has made detection of the virus difficult especially in rural areas.

According to health experts, the virus has already met the first two prerequisites for starting a pandemic. First it has attained a form, for which humans have no inbuilt immunity; and second, it has proved pathogenic enough to cause serious illness and death in humans.

The present risk of a pandemic is very high. The only factor that has prevented a pandemic so far is that the virus has not mutated into a form that would allow it to transmit efficiently from one human to another. Once such a genetic change takes place for the virus, a pandemic will be inevitable. The first signs of such a reassortment will be presence of the clusters of patients with flu symptoms, closely related – both in time and space. This would be a clear indication of virus having the ability to transmit from human-to-human.

Currently no vaccine has been developed for fighting H5N1 strain. Simultaneous work is being done in many countries for developing a vaccine, but no success has been achieved. The exact virus that may cause the pandemic cannot be predetermined. Thus mass production of vaccine before the pandemic starts is ruled out. The worldwide manufacturing capacity is inadequate to match the sudden demand surge during a pandemic. The best that scientists can do is to carry out a study and determine the smallest amount of antigen per dose that will provide sufficient protection and thus maximise the number of vaccines produced.

What Are The Precautions Necessary To Prevent A Pandemic?

The logical first step is to control the disease from spreading among birds, but this seems a difficult task now. Bird Flu has become a bird epidemic in many parts of Asia and is spreading fast.

The Next step is to prevent the disease from getting passed on to humans. People who come in close contact with birds (like poultry farmers) are advised to keep a close watch on the health of birds, notify any sort of sickness in birds to the health authorities and avoid direct contact with sick birds in all cases. (Ducks have become a reservoir for the virus and may not exhibit signs of sickness even if they are carrying the virus.)

In case the flu becomes a pandemic, most countries of the world will be affected. In such a scenario, the best preventive measures would be personal hygiene, avoiding crowded places and staying away from raw meat and eggs.

A flu shot does not prevent bird flu, but it can protect a person from other forms of flu and avoid complications. Persons above 65 years of age, children, health services workers, people with chronic respiratory disorders, travellers to flu affected countries and pregnant women may consult a doctor regarding flu vaccination.

What Are The Symptoms In Humans and Treatment Options For Bird Flu?

A person infected by bird flu may have all symptoms of common flu like fever, persistent cough, sore throat and body ache. Moreover, there is a high risk of complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, eye and ear infections and severe breathing problems.

Presently four drugs are used to combat influenza.

The most effective drugs known for seasonal flu are Oseltamivir (commercial name Tamiflu) and Zanamavir (Commercial name Relenza). Both of these are known to reduce severity and duration of seasonal flu, but they may prove ineffective if the virus is allowed to stay in the body for too long. Health professionals advise that TREATMENT OF FLU WITH THESE DRUGS SHOULD START WITHIN 48 HOURS OF FIRST APPEARANCE FLU SYMPTOMS.

Oseltamivir and Zanamavir fall in the Neuraminidase inhibitors class. The surface protein Neuraminidase breaks bonds between new viruses and infected cells. By blocking the activity of Neuraminidase, these two drugs prevent the new viruses from being released.

Another class of drugs – the M2 inhibitors is also available, but viruses develop resistance to these drugs quickly and thus these drugs may prove ineffective in controlling pandemics. Amantadine and Rimantadine are two drugs from this class. These drugs inhibit the activity of M2 protein, which forms a channel in membranes of viruses and thereby preventing the viruses from replicating.

One should consult a doctor before taking any of these drugs as THESE DRUGS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE SIDE EFFECTS IN SOME CASES. For example, Zanamavir is not recommended to people having chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma.

(This article was written on 25th January 2006 and may not contain developments that took place after this date.)

Usually speaking, a female will think safer in the company of a much more mature sugar daddy type day, specifically on initial meeting. He is additional inclined to recommend coffee or dinner in the crowded venue like a first meeting place, or be really pleased for her to suggest a place wherever she would sense comfortable. Her ease-of-mind, during that 1st date in particular, is going to be large on his agenda. Though you will find exceptions to each rule, women dating the senior sweets daddy types notice the higher degree of respect shown to them during this sort of relationships. The emphasis on romance overshadowing his desire to obtain her into bed is typically a lot more apparent. He is less probably to be interested inside a superficial encounter. The prospects of a extended expression marriage are typically extremely actual, his playing close to days are obliterated within the past. His grown up mindset now concentrated on the lots of other aspects and indeed the advantages of being in an adoring prolonged term union.

The ’sugar daddy meets sugar baby’ marriage is usually centered close to the male’s demand to safeguard and show assistance in the direction of his more youthful partner. Several miscontrue this notion being a ’sex for favors’ arrangement. Yet in his thoughts, sex is a long way from being a pre-requisite. His satisfaction will be severely dented if he believed for a moment that the sexual encounters have been brought about being a direct effect of his demonstrations of kindness.

Loyalty as well will be of wonderful significance. His desire to protect and help will be extremely targeted, and when he discovers his belle, his eye is less probably being turned in other directions. The strength on the partnership is an critical problem and he will defend that vigorously. 6. Baggage can frequently be a problem in any new romantic relationship. Regardless of whether it be household resposibilities, ex partners and even monetary problems, baggage in the past can generally deflower an otherwise ideal opportunity. The elderly, far more mature male is less most likely to enable outside issues to spoil the possibilities and will typically carry his partner’s outside resposibilities on board with grace, understanding plus a positive attitude.

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Sexually, though not really the opportunist he used to become, his need to delight and satisfy will oftentimes be stronger than seeking his personal satisfaction. He will consider time to seduce her thoughts, his concept of foreplay has evolved way beyond ‘fumble about the couch’ status. The aftermath of those intimate encounters too are going to be loving and warm, with pillow talk getting a tender part on the process.

Romance is definitely an crucial factor of any dating romantic relationship, but a sugars daddy will pay much extra attention towards passionate suggestion. This isn’t simply manifested with flowers, gifts and material points, but the hand holding, public shows of affection or little notes left discreetly for her to find. 9. For the maturity front, it’s accepted that a female is considerably a lot more mature the a male at any provided age. Thus it makes sense that she would have a lot more in popular with an senior person than a single her own age. They’ll hold each other people awareness for longer periods, they’ll have far more interests to share and they will be significantly closer as acquaintances within the general program.

The genuine sweets daddy will enjoy spoiling and pampering his young lover and bring each opportunity accessible to produce her think like a princess. Not necessarily by way of showering her with substance things, but usually taking care of her needs. Making her feel that she is important to him, loved.. cherished.. protected. The 1920’s version with the sugar daddy would commonly shower his youthful lover with gifts and frequently money, as a ‘reward’ for her corporation or sexual favors. These days the arrangement is centered close to a romantic relationship, a solid bond involving two willing partners. The spoiling, pampering and protection satisfying both his need to have to provide, and her need to have to receive. This twenty-first century sugars daddy sweets baby arrangement can often produce into a effective union of thoughts body and soul, leaving the conventional partnership from the particles.

1. Never Leave the Home or Office

One reason to incorporate online is you can get all the help you need from the comfort of your own office or home. With online incorporation, you’ll have all the facts about buying business cards at your fingertips. The incorporation services provided online usually come from those who are experienced and can provide you with the paperwork and guidance needed to ease the process. You’ll save time and many headaches by using an online incorporation service and you won’t have to run from one place to another trying to determine what is needed.

2. State-by-State Incorporation

No matter what state you plan to incorporate in, you can incorporate online within minutes. Many online services are equipped to handle incorporation paperwork in multiple states. The services can provide you with detailed information about the state such as the fees to incorporate a business, total cost for incorporating, how long the process will take, and the steps or paperwork required to incorporate in that particular state.

3. Incorporate Quickly

Some online services may offer expedited incorporation services. This service can be useful if you need to incorporate your business in a hurry. Expedited service often costs a little more, but can be well worth it if you need it fast. By choosing this option, your business might be incorporated within 10 days or less.

4. Know all the Facts

When you incorporate online, you can know all the facts about incorporation before deciding to take that final step. You can take time from your home or office PC to read about forming a corporation, the requirements involved, and the pros and cons of incorporation. This will enable you to make an informed decision and determine the proper direction for your business.

You can also compare different forms of business, such as Corporation, S Corporation, forming an LLC (Limited-Liability Company), sole proprietorship, and partnership. For instance, to form an LLC and a corporation is similar in some ways, but very different in others. LLC formation should be carefully compared to incorporation before making a decision.

5. Save Money

To incorporate online is often more affordable than hiring an agent or attorney to do the paperwork for you. Online services are able to operate with minimal expenses by providing Web forms and information via the website. These savings are passed on to you and enable you to incorporate your business with a minimal investment.

These are only a few reasons to incorporate online, but there are many other benefits. Discover all that incorporation can offer for your business today, and watch your business soar to new heights!

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